Efficacy and safety of dimeticones in the treatment of epidermal parasitic skin diseases with special emphasis on tungiasis: an evidence-based critical review

ABSTRACT Epidermal parasitic skin diseases encompass scabies, pediculosis, cutaneous larva migrans, myiasis, and tungiasis. Tungiasis is probably the most neglected of all Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD). It occurs in South America, the Caribbean and Sub-Saharan Africa and affects marginalized populations where people live in extreme poverty. In endemic communities the prevalence can be up to 30% in general population and 85% in children. Over time, chronic pathology develops characterized by hyperkeratosis, edema around the nail rim, fissures, ulcers, deformation and loss of nails. This leads to a pattern of disabilities, eventually resulting in impairment of mobility.Dimeticones are a family of silicon oils with a potential to kill parasites located on top or inside the epidermis by a physical mode of action. They are considered the treatment of choice for pediculosis capitis and pediculosis pubis. With regard to tungiasis, the so called rear abdominal cone of the parasites has been identified as a target for treatment with dimeticones. NYDA®, a mixture of two dimeticones with different viscosity, is the only dimeticone product for which data on the mode of action, efficacy and safety with regard to tungiasis exists. The product has been shown highly effective against embedded sand fleas, even in very intense infection with more than 500 parasites situated on top of each other. A randomized controlled trial showed that seven days after a targeted application of NYDA® 97% (95% CI 94-99%) of the embedded sand fleas had lost all signs of viability.Comprehensive toxicological investigations on the dimeticones contained in NYDA® showed that there is practically no risk of embryotoxicity, fetotoxicity, teratogenicity, and other toxicity. The safety of dimeticones was also demonstrated in clinical trials with a total of 106 participants with tungiasis, in which not a single adverse event was observed.

Situação epidemiológica e controle da esquistossomose em Pernambuco: estudo descritivo, 2010-2016 / Situación epidemiológica y control de la esquistosomiasis en Pernambuco, Brasil: estudio descriptivo, 2010-2016 / Epidemiological situation and control of schistosomiasis in Pernambuco, Brazil: a descriptive study, 2010-2016

Resumo Objetivo: descrever as ações de controle e a situação epidemiológica da esquistossomose, em Pernambuco, Brasil, 2010-2016. Métodos: estudo descritivo, com dados do Sistema de Informação do Programa de Vigilância e Controle da Esquistossomose em 116 municípios, incluindo indicadores relacionados às ações de controle (população trabalhada, exames realizados, cobertura de tratamento) e epidemiológicas (positividade, carga parasitária, outras helmintoses). Resultados: as II, III, IV, V e XII regiões de saúde do estado, tradicionalmente endêmicas, registraram maiores percentuais médios para ações de controle (população trabalhada [6,5%, 6,0%, 2,0%, 12,0% e 13,0%], exames realizados [75,0%, 75,5%, 74,0%, 74,0% e 68,5%] e cobertura de tratamento [71,0%, 82,5%, 82,0%, 91,0% e 73,0%], respectivamente), e maiores percentuais médios para variáveis epidemiológicas (positividade [3,5%, 8,0%, 1,0%, 2,0% e 6,5%], alta carga parasitária [0,1%, 0,7%, 0,02%, 0,03% e 0,5%] e outras helmintoses [4,0%, 11,0%, 4,0%, 6,0% e 8,0%], respectivamente). Conclusão: deve-se ampliar as ações de controle nas regiões tradicionalmente endêmicas.

Resumen Objetivo: describir las acciones de control y la situación epidemiológica de la esquistosomiasis, Pernambuco, Brasil, 2010-2016. Métodos: estudio descriptivo utilizando datos del Sistema de Información del Programa de Vigilancia y Control de Esquistosomiasis en 116 municipios, incluyendo indicadores relacionados con acciones de control (población trabajada, pruebas realizadas, cobertura del tratamiento) y epidemiológicas (positividad, carga parasitaria, otros helmintos). Resultados: las regiones de salud II, III, IV, V y XII del estado, tradicionalmente endémicas, registraron porcentajes promedios más altos para las acciones de control (población trabajada [6,5%, 6,0%, 2,0%, 12,0% y 13,0%], exámenes [75,0%, 75,5%, 74,0%, 74,0% y 68,5%] y tratamiento [71,0%, 82,5%, 82,0%, 91,0% y 73,0%], respectivamente), y porcentajes promedios más altos para variables epidemiológicas (positividad [3,5%, 8,0%, 1,0%, 2,0% y 6,5%], alta carga parasitaria [0,1%, 0,7%, 0,02%, 0,03% y 0,5%] y otros helmintos [4,0%, 11,0%, 4,0%, 6,0% y 8,0%], respectivamente). Conclusión: ampliar las acciones de control en regiones tradicionalmente endémicas.

Abstract Objective: to describe schistosomiasis control actions and its epidemiological situation in Pernambuco, Brazil, 2010-2016. Methods: this was a descriptive study using data from the Schistosomiasis Surveillance and Control Program Information System for 116 municipalities, including indicators related to control actions (population surveyed, tests performed, treatment coverage) and epidemiological actions (positivity, parasite load, other helminthiases). Results: Health Regions II, III, IV, V and XII, which are traditionally endemic, registered higher average percentages for control actions (population surveyed [6.5%, 6.0%, 2.0%, 12.0%, and 13.0%], tests performed [75.0%, 75.5%, 74.0%, 74.0%, and 68.5%], and treatment coverage [71.0%, 82.5%, 82.0%, 91.0%, and 73.0%], respectively), and higher average percentages for epidemiological variables (positivity [3.5%, 8.0%, 1.0%, 2.0%, and 6.5%], high parasite load [0.1%, 0.7%, 0.02%, 0.03%, and 0.5%], and other helminthiases [4.0%, 11.0%, 4.0%, 6.0%, and 8.0%], respectively). Conclusion: control actions need to be expanded in traditionally endemic regions.

Polymerase chain reaction detection of LeishmaniaDNA in skin biopsy samples in Sri Lanka where the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis is Leishmania donovani

Leishmania donovani is the known causative agent of both cutaneous (CL) and visceral leishmaniasis in Sri Lanka. CL is considered to be under-reported partly due to relatively poor sensitivity and specificity of microscopic diagnosis. We compared robustness of three previously described polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based methods to detectLeishmania DNA in 38 punch biopsy samples from patients presented with suspected lesions in 2010. Both, Leishmaniagenus-specific JW11/JW12 KDNA and LITSR/L5.8S internal transcribed spacer (ITS)1 PCR assays detected 92% (35/38) of the samples whereas a KDNA assay specific forL. donovani (LdF/LdR) detected only 71% (27/38) of samples. All positive samples showed a L. donovani banding pattern upon HaeIII ITS1 PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. PCR assay specificity was evaluated in samples containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, and human DNA, and there was no cross-amplification in JW11/JW12 and LITSR/L5.8S PCR assays. The LdF/LdR PCR assay did not amplify M. leprae or human DNA although 500 bp and 700 bp bands were observed in M. tuberculosis samples. In conclusion, it was successfully shown in this study that it is possible to diagnose Sri Lankan CL with high accuracy, to genus and species identification, using Leishmania DNA PCR assays.

Análise da reinfecção pelo Schistosoma mansoni entre escolares com idade de 5 15 anos em área endêmica: Vale do Jequitinhonha, MG / The analyze of reinfection by Schistosoma mansoni in school children aged 5-15 years

A esquistossomose é uma das parasitoses mais prevalentes no mundo e é um grande problema de saúde pública, principalmente nos países em desenvolvimento. Atualmente a medida mais utilizada para o controle da doença é a quimioterapia. Entretanto, sabe-se que mesmo após o tratamento os indivíduos se reinfectam. Sabe-se também que há uma estreita relação entre os fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos e comportamentais na dinâmica da transmissão da esquistossomose. Diante disso, a realização deste estudo teve como objetivo analisar a reinfecção pelo Schistosoma mansoni entre escolares com idade de 5 a 15 anos. Os participantes foram 407 crianças e adolescentes infectados pelo S. mansoni e residentes no município de Ponto dos Volantes, nas comunidades de Palha, Astraluta, Caju (Jequitinhonha) e Córrego São João (Itaobim), sendo todas essas áreas consideradas endêmicas para a esquistossomose. No início do estudo, todos os voluntários foram tratados com Praziquantel e responderam aos questionários socioeconômico e de contato com a água. Foram coletadas, também, as coordenadas geográficas das suas residências. Um ano após o tratamento foram realizados exames parasitológicos de fezes de todos os escolares para avaliar a reinfecção tendo sido encontrada uma taxa de 21,6 %. O modelo multivariado mostrou que a carga parasitária pré-tratamento (p < 0,001) e a falta de fornecimento de água tratada (p = 0,010) mantiveram-se associadas à reinfecção. Aqueles que reinfectaram tiveram um maior contato com água potencialmente contaminada apesar da diferença não ter sido significativa. A análise espacial apontou que, em todas as áreas estudadas, a reinfecção ocorreu de forma heterogênea. Concluiu-se que a taxa de reinfecção pelo S. mansoni é preocupante e que possuir uma alta carga parasitária antes do tratamento e residir em local onde não há água tratada foram os principais fatores de risco para a reinfecção pelo S. mansoni.

Schistosomiasis is one of the most prevalent parasitic diseases in the world and is a major public health problem, particularly in developing countries. Currently the most commonly used measure for controlling the condition is chemotherapy. However, after the treatment, the individuals become infected again. It is well known that there is a close relationship between demographic, socioeconomic and behavioral factors in the dynamics of schistosomias is transmission. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze reinfection by Schistosoma mansoni in school children aged 5-15 years. Participants were 407 children and adolescents infected with S. mansoni and residents in the municipality of Ponto dos Volantes, and the communities of Palha, Astraluta, Caju and Córrego São João, all of which are endemic areas for schistosomiasis. At baseline, all subjects were treated with Praziquantel, responded to socioeconomic and water contact questionnaires. The geographical coordinates of all houses were collected. One year after the treatment another faecal exam was performed to evaluate reinfection rates. The results showed a reinfection rate of 21.6%. The multivariate model showed that parasite load before treatment (p < 0.001) and lack of treated water supply (p = 0.010) remained associated to reinfection. Spatial analys is showed that in all areas studied reinfection occurred heterogeneously. It is concluded that the reinfection rate is worrisome and having high intensity of infection before treatment and leaving in areas with no treated water were considered the main risk factors to re-infection with S. mansoni.

Drug discovery for Chagas disease should consider Trypanosoma cruzi strain diversity

This opinion piece presents an approach to standardisation of an important aspect of Chagas disease drug discovery and development: selecting Trypanosoma cruzi strains for in vitro screening. We discuss the rationale for strain selection representing T. cruzi diversity and provide recommendations on the preferred parasite stage for drug discovery, T. cruzi discrete typing units to include in the panel of strains and the number of strains/clones for primary screens and lead compounds. We also consider experimental approaches for in vitro drug assays. The Figure illustrates the current Chagas disease drug-discovery and development landscape.

Leishmaniose visceral canina e humana em Caruaru, Pernambuco, no período de 2005 a 2010 / Canine and human visceral leishmaniasis at Caruaru, Brazil, in the period 2005 to 2010

A leishmaniose visceral é uma zoonose negligenciada de grande importância em saúde pública. O município de Caruaru-PE, assim como outras localidades do Brasil, vem apresentando taxas crescentes da doença. Este trabalho teve como objetivos relatar e analisar a frequência de cães sororreagentes para leishmaniose visceral canina e a ocorrência de casos humanos de leishmaniose visceral em todo o município de Caruaru, nas zonas rural e urbana, além de avaliar as ações e estratégias do Programa de Controle da Leishmaniose Visceral no período de janeiro de 2005 a dezembro de 2010. Foi realizado um estudo epidemiológico descritivo retrospectivo dos casos de leishmaniose visceral canina, no qual se observou um aumento na frequência de cães sororreagentes de 1,4 porcento (24/1671), em 2005, para 31,9 porcento (347/1174) em 2010. Em relação à atuação do programa no município, verificou-se que 44,3 porcento (557/1258) dos animais sororreagentes foram eliminados no período estudado, o que demonstra ter sido pouco efetivo para impedir a expansão da doença. A análise descritiva de casos humanos de leishmaniose visceral, notificados pelo Sistema de Informação de Agravos e Notificação (SINAN), revelou que, das 29 notificações realizadas no período estudado, 15 (51,7 porcento) eram oriundas da zona rural e 14 (48,3 porcento), da zona urbana. Portanto, ficou evidenciado que a referida zoonose tem demonstrado um crescimento não limitado à zona rural e que o processo de urbanização vem gerando mudanças no comportamento epidemiológico da doença também no município de Caruaru-PE.

Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected zoonosis of great importance in public health. The municipal area of Caruaru, as well as other local areas of Brazil presented increasing prevalence rates of this illness. This current assignment was created with the purpose of analyzing and reporting the high rates observed in dogs exhibiting seroconversion for Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL) and the occurrence of Visceral Leishmaniasis cases in humans within the entire municipal area of Caruaru (rural and urban), as well as the evaluation of practices and strategies in the VL control program during the period between January 2005 and December 2010. An increase in the number of seropositive dogs was verified in a retrospective descriptive study of CVL, from 1.4 percent (24/1,671) in 2005 to 31.9 percent (347/1,174) in 2010. With reference to the euthanasia program executed on the seropositive animals in the municipal area, only 44.3 percent (557/1,258) were eliminated during that period, revealing such a program as ineffective in preventing dissemination of this disease. A second descriptive study was also performed on human cases of VL, notified by the Sistema de Informação de Agravos e Notificação (SINAN), revealing that out of the 29 notifications in the studied period, 15 (51.7 percent) of them originated in the rural area and 14 (48.3 percent) originated in urban areas. Therefore, it may be observed that the zoonosis has demonstrated growth that is not limited to rural areas, and that the process of urbanization has brought changes in regards to the epidemiological behavior of the disease including the city of Caruaru-PE.

Hidatidosis cardiaca: caso clínico / Cardiac hydatidosis: Report of one case

Background: Hydatidosis is an endemic zoonosis in Chile. We report a 48-year-old former slaughterman, with a previous history of pulmonary hydatidosis, who presented a stroke without associated cardiovascular symptoms. An echocardiogram revealed a tumor mass with cystic features in the left ventricle. The patient was operated and the cyst was successfully excised. During the follow up, the patient remains asymptomatic.

Occurrence of Triatoma costalimai (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in different environments and climatic seasons: a field study in the Brazilian savanna / Ocorrência de Triatoma costalimai (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) em diferentes ambientes e estações climáticas: um estudo de campo em área de cerrado

INTRODUCTION: Trypanosoma cruzi-infected specimens of Triatoma costalimai have been detected in domiciliary units of Central Brazil, thereby maintaining the potential risk of vectorial transmission of Chagas disease. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence and natural infection of T. costalimai in different environments (gallery forest, dry forest and peridomicile) and climatic seasons (wet and dry), in the municipality of Mambaí, State of Goiás, Brazil. METHODS: Triatomines were captured in October 2010 and in June 2011, employing two different methods (manual capture and mouse-baited adhesive traps). The insects were later separated by sex and nymphal stage, counted and examined parasitologically by abdominal compression and microscopic analysis of feces. RESULTS: Triatoma costalimai was found in three environments and in the two seasons studied. Overall, capture success of 900 traps and 60 blocks of rocks inspected was 5.8% and 11.7%, respectively. The occurrence of T. costalimai was higher among rocks in the peridomicile, where 97% of the 131 specimens were captured. The proportion of nymphs (98%) was much higher than that of adults, which were only detected in peridomicile. Most (95%) insects were captured during the wet season, with predominance of early-stage nymphs. None of the 43 specimens examined were infected by trypanosomatids. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate a greater occurrence of T. costalimai in peridomiciliary environments and during the wet season in Mambaí, Goiás, highlighting the synanthropic behavior of this triatomine species in one area of the Brazilian savanna and the importance of entomological surveillance.

INTRODUÇÃO: Espécimes de Triatoma costalimai infectados por Trypanosoma cruzi têm sido detectados em unidades domiciliares no Brasil Central, mantendo o risco potencial de transmissão vetorial da doença de Chagas. Objetivou-se determinar a ocorrência e infecção natural de T. costalimai em habitats rochosos em diferentes ambientes (mata de galeria, mata seca e peridomicílio) e estações climáticas (chuvosa e seca), no município de Mambaí, Estado de Goiás, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Os triatomíneos foram capturados em outubro de 2010 e junho de 2011 usando dois métodos (coleta manual e armadilhas adesivas com isca animal) e posteriormente foram separados por estádio e sexo, contabilizados e examinados parasitologicamente por compressão abdominal e análise microscópica das fezes. RESULTADOS: Triatoma costalimai foi detectado nos três ambientes e nas duas estações amostradas. O sucesso total de captura das 900 armadilhas e 60 blocos de rochas inspecionados foi de 5,8% e 11,7%, respectivamente. A ocorrência de T. costalimai foi maior em rochas do peridomicílio, onde 97% dos 131 espécimes foram capturados. A proporção de ninfas (98%) foi muito superior à de adultos, os quais só foram detectados no peridomicílio. A maioria (95%) dos insetos foi capturada na estação chuvosa, com predominância de ninfas I. Nenhum dos 43 espécimes examinados estava infectado por tripanosomatídeos. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados indicam maior ocorrência de T. costalimai em ambiente peridomiciliar e na estação chuvosa em Mambaí, Goiás, salientando o comportamento sinantrópico dessa espécie de triatomíneo em uma área do cerrado Brasileiro e a importância da vigilância entomológica.

Schistosoma mansoni granuloma in late evolutive phase, in a case of tumoral form in man / Granuloma equistossomótico em fase evolutiva tardia, em um caso de forma tumoral no homem

INTRODUCTION: Authors describe human schistosomal granuloma in late chronic phase, from the morphological and evolutionary viewpoints. METHODS: The study was based on a histological analysis of two fragments obtained from a surgical biopsy of peritoneum and large intestine of a 42-year-old patient, with a pseudotumoral form mimicking a peritoneal carcinomatosis associated to the schistosomiasis hepatointestinal form. RESULTS: Two hundred and three granulomas were identified in the pseudotumor and 27 in the intestinal biopsy, with similar morphological features, most in the late chronic phase, in fibrotic healing. A new structural classification was suggested for granulomas: zone 1 (internal), 2 (intermediate) and 3 (external). CONCLUSIONS: Regarding granuloma as a whole, we may conclude that fibrosis is likely to be controlled by different and independent mechanisms in the three zones of the granuloma. Lamellar fibrosis in zone 3 seems to be controlled by matrix mesenchymal cells (fibroblasts and myoepithelial cells) and by inflammatory exudate cells (lymphocytes, plasmocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils). Annular fibrosis in zone 2, comprising a dense fibrous connective tissue, with few cells in the advanced phase, would be controlled by epithelioid cells involving zone 1 in recent granulomas. In zone 1, replacing periovular necrosis, an initialy loose and tracery connective neoformation, housing stellate cells or with fusiform nuclei, a dense paucicellular nodular connctive tissue emerges, probably induced by fibroblasts. In several granulomas, one of the zones is missing and granuloma is represented by two of them: Z3 and Z2, Z3 and Z1 or Z2 and Z1 and, ultimately, by a scar.

INTRODUÇÃO: Os autores descrevem o granuloma esquistossomótico no homem, na fase crônica tardia, do ponto de vista morfológico e evolutivo. MÉTODOS: O estudo baseou-se na análise histológica de dois fragmentos obtidos de biópsia cirúrgica do peritônio e do intestino grosso de um paciente de 42 anos de idade, com a forma pseudotumoral mimetizando carcinomatose peritoneal associada à forma hepatointestinal da esquistossomose. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados 203 granulomas no pseudotumor e 27 na biópsia intestinal, com aspectos morfológicos semelhantes, a maioria na fase crônica tardia, em cura por fibrose. Foi sugerida nova classificação estrutural para os granulomas: zona 1 (interna), zona 2 (intermediária) e zona 3 (externa). CONCLUSÕES: Considerando o granuloma como um todo, concluímos que, provavelmente, a fibrose é comandada por mecanismos diferentes e independentes nas três zonas do granuloma. A fibrose lamelar na zona 3 parece ser comandada pelas células mesenquimais da matriz (fibroblastos e células mioepiteliais) e pelas células do exsudato inflamatório (linfócitos, plasmócitos, neutrófilos, eosinófilos). A fibrose anular na zona 2, composta por conjuntivo fibroso denso, pouco celular na fase avançada, seria comandada pelas células epitelioides que envolvem a zona 1 nos granulomas recentes. Na zona 1, substituindo a necrose periovular, a neoformação conjuntiva inicialmente frouxa, rendilhada, albergando células estreladas ou com núcleos fusiformes, surge um conjuntivo denso, paucicelular, nodular, provavelmente induzido pelos fibroblastos. Em muitos granulomas falta uma das zonas descritas e o granuloma é representado apenas por duas delas: Z3 e Z2, Z3 e Z1 ou Z2 e Z1 e, no final, por uma cicatriz.